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On this page, you can search and view the Supreme Court’s opinions. If you wish to review the docket or documents filed in a matter, please go to the Court’s public portal search page.

12301 - 12400 of 12418 results

State v. Miller 146 N.W.2d 159
Docket No.: 18600327
Filing Date: 11/10/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - DUI/DUS/APC
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Collette, et al. v. Matejcek, et al. 146 N.W.2d 156
Docket No.: 18608241
Filing Date: 11/10/1966
Case Type: Original Proceeding - Civil - Writ of Prohibition
Author: Teigen, Obert

Azar v. Azar 146 N.W.2d 148
Docket No.: 18608257
Filing Date: 11/4/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Teigen, Obert

Bismarck Tribune v. Omdahl 147 N.W.2d 903
Docket No.: 18608223
Filing Date: 10/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Tax Realted
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Sprenger v. Sprenger 146 N.W.2d 036
Docket No.: 18608259
Filing Date: 10/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Haga v. Cook 145 N.W.2d 888
Docket No.: 18608277
Filing Date: 10/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Jasper v. Freitag 145 N.W.2d 879
Docket No.: 18608337
Filing Date: 10/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Matter of Braun 145 N.W.2d 482
Docket No.: 18600350
Filing Date: 10/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Juvenile Law
Author: Knudson, Harvey

Linington v. McLean County 146 N.W.2d 045
Docket No.: 18608324
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Willert v. Nielson 146 N.W.2d 026
Docket No.: 18608320
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Knox v. Krueger 145 N.W.2d 904
Docket No.: 18608325
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Oil, Gas and Minerals
Author: Teigen, Obert

Fraase v. Murray 145 N.W.2d 899
Docket No.: 18608376
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Election Contest
Author: Per Curiam

Monson v. Nelson 145 N.W.2d 892
Docket No.: 18608227
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Knudson, Harvey

Schrank v. Meade 145 N.W.2d 514
Docket No.: 18608261
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Teigen, Obert

Degenstein v. Ehrman 145 N.W.2d 493
Docket No.: 18608218
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

United Accounts, Inc. v. Lantz 145 N.W.2d 488
Docket No.: 18608311
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Debtor/Creditor
Author: Teigen, Obert

State v. Higgins 145 N.W.2d 478
Docket No.: 18600342
Filing Date: 10/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Other
Author: Teigen, Obert

Haugen v. Mid-State Aviation, Inc. 144 N.W.2d 692
Docket No.: 18608319
Filing Date: 8/30/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Erhardt v. Gold Seal Chinchillas 144 N.W.2d 744
Docket No.: 18608293
Filing Date: 8/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

City of Bismarck v. Kleinschmidt 145 N.W.2d 333
Docket No.: 18608341
Filing Date: 8/16/1966
Case Type: Original Proceeding - Civil - Writ of Mandamus
Author: Strutz, Alvin

State v. Gamble Skogmo, Inc. 144 N.W.2d 749
Docket No.: 18600339
Filing Date: 8/16/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Other
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Schmidt v. Frank 144 N.W.2d 572
Docket No.: 18608346
Filing Date: 8/16/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Smith v. Anderson 144 N.W.2d 530
Docket No.: 18608317
Filing Date: 8/5/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Ternes v. Farmers Union 144 N.W.2d 386
Docket No.: 18608306
Filing Date: 7/28/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Teigen, Obert

Glover v. Paul 144 N.W.2d 382
Docket No.: 18608265
Filing Date: 7/28/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Probate, Wills, Trusts
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Erling, et al. v. Haman, et al. 144 N.W.2d 215
Docket No.: 18608307
Filing Date: 7/1/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Murray, William

Jennings v. O'Callaghan 143 N.W.2d 654
Docket No.: 18608340
Filing Date: 7/1/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Murray, William

Heggen v. Marentette 144 N.W.2d 218
Docket No.: 18608238
Filing Date: 6/30/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

In re Garrison Diversion Conservancy District 144 N.W.2d 082
Docket No.: 18608326
Filing Date: 6/30/1966
Case Type: Certified Question - Civil - Civil
Author: Knudson, Harvey

Nordenstrom v. Swedberg 143 N.W.2d 848
Docket No.: 18608308
Filing Date: 6/30/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Olsen v. M.R. Larsen Estate 143 N.W.2d 656
Docket No.: 18608314
Filing Date: 6/21/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Probate, Wills, Trusts
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Thomas v. City of Devils Lake 143 N.W.2d 718
Docket No.: 18608184
Filing Date: 6/15/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Giese, Emil

O'Connell v. Hjelle 143 N.W.2d 251
Docket No.: 18608299
Filing Date: 6/6/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Department of Transportation
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

First National Bank v. O'Callaghan 143 N.W.2d 104
Docket No.: 18608287
Filing Date: 6/2/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Prince v. Universal Underwriters Ins. Co. 143 N.W.2d 708
Docket No.: 18608301
Filing Date: 5/26/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Insurance
Author: Gefreh, Adam

Walker v. Weilenman 143 N.W.2d 689
Docket No.: 18608304
Filing Date: 5/26/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Kack v. Kack 142 N.W.2d 754
Docket No.: 18608280
Filing Date: 5/19/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Morton Co. Bd. of Park Commissioners v. Wetsch 142 N.W.2d 751
Docket No.: 18608290
Filing Date: 5/19/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Teigen, Obert

Heasley v. Glinz 142 N.W.2d 606
Docket No.: 18608302
Filing Date: 5/19/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

City of Minot v. General Drivers & Helpers Union 142 N.W.2d 612
Docket No.: 18608312
Filing Date: 5/12/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Employer/Employee Dispute
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Blanton v. Blanton 142 N.W.2d 608
Docket No.: 18608309
Filing Date: 5/12/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Knudson, Harvey

Glinz v. Heasley 142 N.W.2d 603
Docket No.: 18608296
Filing Date: 5/12/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Waltman v. Austin 142 N.W.2d 517
Docket No.: 18600338
Filing Date: 5/11/1966
Case Type: Original Proceeding - Criminal - Writ of Certiorari
Author: Murray, William

State v. Wilson 142 N.W.2d 106
Docket No.: 18600336
Filing Date: 4/28/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Theft
Author: Murray, William

C.I.T. Corp. v. Hetland 143 N.W.2d 094
Docket No.: 18608288
Filing Date: 4/27/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Pierce County Abstract v. Petterson 142 N.W.2d 620
Docket No.: 18608107
Filing Date: 4/27/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Murray, William

Indianhead Truck Line v. Thompson 142 N.W.2d 138
Docket No.: 18608283
Filing Date: 4/27/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Administrative Proceeding
Author: Teigen, Obert

Great Lakes Pipe Line Co. v. City of Grand Forks 142 N.W.2d 126
Docket No.: 18608256
Filing Date: 4/27/1966
Case Type: Original Proceeding - Civil - Writ of Mandamus
Author: Knudson, Harvey

State v. Johnson 142 N.W.2d 110
Docket No.: 18600333
Filing Date: 4/27/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Theft
Author: Teigen, Obert

State Auto & Cas. Underwriters v. Skjonsby 142 N.W.2d 098
Docket No.: 18608266
Filing Date: 4/27/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Insurance
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Adams v. Little Missouri Minerals Ass'n 143 N.W.2d 659
Docket No.: 18608258
Filing Date: 4/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Bertsch v. Zahn 141 N.W.2d 792
Docket No.: 18608300
Filing Date: 4/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Teigen, Obert

Writh v. Workmen's Comp. Bureau 141 N.W.2d 790
Docket No.: 18608282
Filing Date: 4/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Workers Compensation
Author: Per Curiam

Beck v. Workmen's Comp. Bureau 141 N.W.2d 784
Docket No.: 18608234
Filing Date: 4/20/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Workers Compensation
Author: Knudson, Harvey

Putnam v. Dickinson 142 N.W.2d 111
Docket No.: 18608272
Filing Date: 4/19/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Teigen, Obert

United Accounts v. Palmer 141 N.W.2d 472
Docket No.: 18608294
Filing Date: 3/29/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Debtor/Creditor
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Nord v. Guy 141 N.W.2d 395
Docket No.: 18608285
Filing Date: 3/23/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Constitutional Law
Author: Knudson, Harvey

Hook v. Crary 142 N.W.2d 140
Docket No.: 18608124
Filing Date: 3/21/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Per Curiam

Mikkelson v. Risovi 141 N.W.2d 150
Docket No.: 18608202
Filing Date: 3/16/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Englert, Hamilton

Johnson v. Davis 140 N.W.2d 703
Docket No.: 18608188
Filing Date: 2/24/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Divorce - Property
Author: Teigen, Obert

Schmidt v. Frank 140 N.W.2d 588
Docket No.: 18608230
Filing Date: 2/24/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Heid v. Shafer 140 N.W.2d 584
Docket No.: 18608297
Filing Date: 2/24/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Cokins v. Frandsen 141 N.W.2d 796
Docket No.: 18608284
Filing Date: 2/11/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Sittner v. Mistelski 140 N.W.2d 360
Docket No.: 18608252
Filing Date: 2/11/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Stetson v. Investors Oil, Inc. 140 N.W.2d 349
Docket No.: 18608248
Filing Date: 2/11/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Knudson, Harvey

Julson v. Loyal Order of Moose 140 N.W.2d 039
Docket No.: 18608195
Filing Date: 1/25/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Quinn Dist. Co. v. North Hill Bowl, Inc., et al. 139 N.W.2d 860
Docket No.: 18608199
Filing Date: 1/25/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Heen, Douglas

Kuntz v. N.D. Workmen's Comp. Bureau 139 N.W.2d 525
Docket No.: 18608251
Filing Date: 1/13/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Workers Compensation
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Parceluk v. Knudtson 139 N.W.2d 864
Docket No.: 18608162
Filing Date: 1/7/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Fischer v. Fischer 139 N.W.2d 845
Docket No.: 18608183
Filing Date: 1/7/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Divorce - Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Hoffman v. Berry 139 N.W.2d 529
Docket No.: 18608264
Filing Date: 1/7/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Teigen, Obert

Manock v. Donley 139 N.W.2d 391
Docket No.: 18608203
Filing Date: 1/7/1966
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Fredereickson v. Burleigh County, et al. 139 N.W.2d 250
Docket No.: 18608152
Filing Date: 12/30/1965
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Tax Realted
Author: Fredricks, M.

City of Grand Forks v. Grand Forks County 139 N.W.2d 242
Docket No.: 18608177
Filing Date: 12/30/1965
Case Type: Certified Question - Civil - Civil
Author: Teigen, Obert

Bankers v. Bankers 139 N.W.2d 143
Docket No.: 18608165
Filing Date: 12/30/1965
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Divorce - Property
Author: Strutz, Alvin

State v. Johnson 139 N.W.2d 157
Docket No.: 18600328
Filing Date: 12/23/1965
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - DUI/DUS/APC
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Bender v. N.D. Workmen's Comp. Bureau 139 N.W.2d 150
Docket No.: 18608154
Filing Date: 12/23/1965
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Workers Compensation
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Berry v. Heinz 139 N.W.2d 145
Docket No.: 18608171
Filing Date: 12/23/1965
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Teigen, Obert

Wilson v. City of Fargo 141 N.W.2d 727
Docket No.: 18608242
Filing Date: 11/30/1965
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Strutz, Alvin

Newman v. Hjelle, et al. 133 N.W.2d 549
Docket No.: 18608201
Filing Date: 3/4/1965
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Department of Transportation
Author: Teigen, Obert

Sperle v. Weigel 130 N.W.2d 315
Docket No.: 18608140
Filing Date: 9/24/1964
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Erickstad, Ralph

Kessler v. Thompson 075 N.W.2d 172
Docket No.: 18607541
Filing Date: 3/5/1956
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Johnson, Nels

Haman v. McHenry County, et al. 072 N.W.2d 630
Docket No.: 18607542
Filing Date: 10/26/1955
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Morris, James

State v. Krebs
Docket No.: 20240355
Filing Date: Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - DUI/DUS/APC
Author: Tufte, Jerod E.

Riemers v. State 2007 ND App4
Docket No.: 20070063
Filing Date: 8/22/2007
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: A judgment of dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted will be affirmed by an appellate court if it cannot discern a potential for proof to support the claim.
Under N.D.R.Civ.P. 12(c), if, on a motion for judgment on the pleadings, matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under N.D.R.Civ.P. 56.
The court, in deciding a motion for judgment on the pleadings, may consider, in addition to the pleadings, materials embraced by the pleadings and materials that are part of the public record without converting the motion to a summary judgment.

Riemers v. State 2007 ND App3
Docket No.: 20070038
Filing Date: 8/15/2007
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Factual assertions in a brief do not raise an issue of material fact satisfying Rule 56(e) for purposes of resisting a motion for summary judgment.
A party asserting a constitutional claim must do more than submit bare assertions and must bring up the heavy artillery or forego the claim.

Riemers, et al. v. State, et al. 2007 ND App2
Docket No.: 20060382
Filing Date: 4/27/2007
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: A judge may not be held liable for any judicial act.
Collateral estoppel generally prohibits the relitigation, in a second action, of particular issues of either fact or law which were, or by logical and necessary implication must have been, litigated and determined in the prior suit.

Riemers v. State of North Dakota, et al. 2007 ND App1
Docket No.: 20060310
Filing Date: 4/27/2007
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Constitutional Law
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Summary judgment is appropriate if the information available to the trial court does not establish a genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
An appeal is frivolous if it is flagrantly groundless, devoid of merit, or demonstrates persistence in the course of litigation which could be seen as evidence of bad faith.

Interest of K.N.H., et al. (CONFIDENTIAL) 2005 ND App9
Docket No.: 20050018
Filing Date: 7/6/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Juvenile - Termination of Parental Rights
Author:

Highlight: A juvenile court order terminating a father's parental rights is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2).

Gosbee v. Martinson, et al. 2005 ND App10
Docket No.: 20050056
Filing Date: 7/6/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author:

Highlight: Rule 54(e)(1), N.D.R.Civ.P., which provides that the trial court shall schedule a hearing when objections to costs and disbursements are filed, is mandatory and affords no discretion to the trial court to dispense with the required hearing unless it is expressly waived by the parties.
When a motion is submitted under N.D.R.Ct. 3.2 and oral argument is properly requested, the trial court has no discretion to refuse to hold a hearing.
When a trial court has erroneously failed to provide a required hearing, the appropriate remedy is a remand for a hearing.

Johnson v. State (Consolidated w/20050029) 2005 ND App8
Docket No.: 20050028
Filing Date: 6/30/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: An application for post-conviction relief may be denied on the grounds of res judicata and misuse of process.
Whether there has been a manifest injustice supporting withdrawal of a guilty plea lies within the trial court's discretion.
To succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must prove counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and the deficient performance prejudiced him.

Kerzmann v. Burleigh County Social Services 2005 ND App7
Docket No.: 20050076
Filing Date: 6/30/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Administrative Proceeding
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: The district court's dismissal of an attempted appeal because the appeal from an administrative law judge's decision affirming an agency employment termination was not properly perfected under N.D.C.C. 28-32-42 is summarily affirmed.

State v. Bernstein 2005 ND App6
Docket No.: 20040298
Filing Date: 5/26/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Misc. Misdemeanor
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: To satisfy the knowledge element of criminal trespass under N.D.C.C. 12.1-22-03(3), the State must prove that the defendant knew or had a firm belief, unaccompanied by substantial doubt, that he was not licensed or privileged to be on the property.
A statement offered to show its effect upon the state of mind of the listener, rather than the truth of the matter asserted, is not hearsay.

State v. Smith 2005 ND App5
Docket No.: 20050004
Filing Date: 5/25/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - DUI/DUS/APC
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: The enhanced sentencing language of N.D.C.C. 39-08-01.2(2), requiring at least 90 days incarceration, is invalid and unenforceable when sentencing a defendant found guilty of a class B misdemeanor DUI under N.D.C.C. 39-08-01.

City of Grand Forks v. Barnum 2005 ND App4
Docket No.: 20040323
Filing Date: 5/19/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - DUI/DUS/APC
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: For a process to be a necessary part of the approved method, the State Toxicologist must expressly include it in the approved methodology and make it a part of the requirement for fair administration.
Admission of a checklist other than the one generated in the course of administering a breath test is not a foundational requirement for admissibility of the test result generated in a breath test conducted with an Intoxilyzer 5000 KB-EP and printed on a "Form 106 KB-EP."

Interest of A.K., et al. (Confidential) 2005 ND App3
Docket No.: 20040313
Filing Date: 5/10/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Juvenile - Termination of Parental Rights
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: The State must prove the elements for termination of parental rights by clear and convincing evidence.
In determining whether the causes and conditions of deprivation will continue or will not be remedied, there must be prognostic evidence forming the basis for reasonable prediction of continued or future deprivation.

Pautz v. N.B., et al. (Confidential) (cross-ref. w/20040229) 2005 ND App2
Docket No.: 20040340
Filing Date: 4/29/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Juvenile Law
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: The court summarily affirmed an order declaring a child delinquent and placing her in the custody of Division of Juvenile Services for one year.

Ernst v. Tjon 2005 ND App1
Docket No.: 20040373
Filing Date: 4/29/2005
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: A summary judgment dismissing a defamation and libel action is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(6).

Lang v. State, et al. 2001 ND App2
Docket No.: 20000223
Filing Date: 1/17/2001
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Res judicata, or claim preclusion, prohibits relitigation of claims or issues that were raised or could have been raised in a prior action between the same parties or their privies, and which were resolved by final judgment in a court of competent jurisdiction.
Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, generally prohibits relitigation in a second action based on a different claim, of issues of fact or law which were, or must have been, determined in the prior suit.
Without citations to relevant authority or supportive reasoning, an argument is without merit.

Lang v. Binstock 2001 ND App1
Docket No.: 19990345
Filing Date: 1/17/2001
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Torts (Negligence, Liab., Nuis.)
Author: Per Curiam