Opinions

Everett v. State (Cross-reference w/20080063, 20090244, 20100222 & 20100392) 2011 ND 221
Docket No.: 20110189
Filing Date: 12/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Orders summarily dismissing an application for post-conviction relief and denying a subpoena request and motion to recuse or remove the district court judge are summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(1).

Interest of J.G. & D.M. (CONFIDENTIAL) 2011 ND 220
Docket No.: 20110046
Filing Date: 12/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Juvenile Law
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: An order adopting a juvenile court's finding of deprivation and continuing placement of children with social services for six months is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2).

Estate of Bartelson 2011 ND 219
Docket No.: 20110114
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Probate, Wills, Trusts
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: Under the Uniform Probate Code, a district court has jurisdiction over claims of misappropriation in formal probate proceedings because the statute grants jurisdiction over actions to determine title to property alleged to belong to the estate.

State v. Wetzel (cross-reference 20080042) 2011 ND 218
Docket No.: 20110080
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Misc. Felony
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: Collateral estoppel and res judicata do not prohibit revocation of probation based on evidence the defendant committed a new offense when the defendant was previously found not guilty of committing the same offense in a separate criminal proceeding.

State v. Nakvinda 2011 ND 217
Docket No.: 20110038
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Homicide
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: Inconsistent testimony at trial does not preclude a finding of guilt.
A conviction may be justified on circumstantial evidence alone if it has such probative force as to enable the trier of fact to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
A verdict based on circumstantial evidence carries the same presumption of correctness as other verdicts.

Sorenson v. Slater (cross-reference w/20090358) 2011 ND 216
Docket No.: 20110015
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: When the Supreme Court remands for redetermination of an issue without specifying the procedure to be followed, the district court may decide the issue on the basis of the evidence already before it or may take additional evidence.
Although the results of a polygraph examination are not generally admissible in a criminal trial unless the parties have stipulated to their admissibility, there is no definitive rule for admissibility of polygraph results in other contexts.
A party seeking to introduce polygraph evidence must present scientific evidence establishing the reliability of polygraph examination results.

Finstad, et al. v. Ransom-Sargent Water Users, Inc., et al. 2011 ND 215
Docket No.: 20110142
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: N.D.C.C. ch. 32-12.1, which governs political subdivision liability, applies only to tort claims brought against political subdivisions.
Contract claims brought against political subdivisions are governed by the general statutes of limitation for contract claims.

Matter of Hehn (cross-reference 20070167) 2011 ND 214
Docket No.: 20110053
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Civil Commitment of Sexually Dangerous Individual
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: The district court must specify the facts upon which its conclusion is based when finding a person is a sexually dangerous individual.
The judge, rather than the psychologists, is the ultimate decision-maker in determining whether an individual meets the requirements for civil commitment.

State v. Cain 2011 ND 213
Docket No.: 20110010
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Assault
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: A conspiratorial agreement can be proved by conduct sufficient to establish an implicit agreement to commit an offense.
A habitual offender hearing can be combined with a sentencing hearing.
Certified copies of prior judgments that were self-authenticating under N.D.R.Ev. 902(1) and (4) were "duly authenticated" under section 12.1-32-09(5), N.D.C.C.
The speedy trial provision of the Uniform Mandatory Disposition of Detainers Act, section 29-33-03, N.D.C.C., does not apply when a prisoner is being held solely on a pending charge.
When a motion in limine is denied, the objecting party must renew the objection at trial to preserve the issue for appeal.

Warnke v. Warnke 2011 ND 212
Docket No.: 20110023
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: Where the rebuttable presumption that mail duly directed and mailed was received is contradicted by other evidence, the issue of actual notice is for the trier of fact to decide.
The district court has broad discretion in determining the quality of proof necessary to support a default judgment.

Tarnavsky v. First National Bank and Trust Co. 2011 ND 211
Docket No.: 20110151
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Judgment dismissing claims, awarding attorney fees and costs, and denying motion for relief from judgment is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a), and the case is remanded to determine reasonable attorney fees for appeal and request for injunctive relief.

State v. Mayer 2011 ND 210
Docket No.: 20110058
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Assault
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Conviction for aggravated assault is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(3).

Coffman v. State 2011 ND 209
Docket No.: 20110130
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author:

Highlight: Order dismissing application for post-conviction relief is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2).

Matter of L.D.M. (CONFIDENTIAL)(Cross-reference 20040319, 20060360 & 20100137) 2011 ND 208
Docket No.: 20110110
Filing Date: 11/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Civil Commitment of Sexually Dangerous Individual
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Order continuing commitment as a sexually dangerous individual summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2).
Issues not ripe for review are dismissed.

Tarnavsky v. Tschider (Cross-reference w/20090348) 2011 ND 207
Docket No.: 20110150
Filing Date: 10/24/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Malpractice
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Order denying motion for relief from judgment is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(1) and (4), and double costs, and nominal attorney fees of $500, are awarded to the appellee for defending a frivolous appeal.

Peterson v. Sando 2011 ND 206
Docket No.: 20110083
Filing Date: 10/20/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Administrative Proceeding
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: Judicial estoppel applies only where a party's subsequent position is totally inconsistent with its original position.
The admissibility of evidence in an adjudicative proceeding before an administrate agency is governed by the rules of evidence, and evidence that forms the bases of opinion testimony need not be admissible in evidence for the opinion to be admitted.
Review of an administrative hearing officer's evidentiary rulings is under the abuse-of-discretion standard.

Alerus Financial v. Marcil Group, et al. 2011 ND 205
Docket No.: 20110113
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Real Property
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: Guarantors of commercial real estate loans are not afforded the protections of the anti-deficiency judgment statutes.
An action against a guarantor is based on the contract of guaranty which is an obligation distinct from the obligation imposed by a note and mortgage.
Actions to enforce a guaranty need not accompany actions to foreclose a mortgage.
A contract of guaranty creates a secondary liability while a contract of surety creates a primary liability.
A court may consider parol evidence when a written agreement is ambiguous, or when the written agreement does not reflect the parties' intent because of fraud, mistake, or accident.
A party seeking additional time for discovery before the court rules on a summary judgment motion must identify with specificity what particular information is sought, and explain how that information would preclude summary judgment and why it has not previously been obtained.

Gottus v. Job Service North Dakota 2011 ND 204
Docket No.: 20110127
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Unemployment/Job Service
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: An employee's repeated failure to perform job responsibilities competently, after demonstrating the ability to do so, may rise to the level of misconduct.
A person discharged for misconduct is ineligible to receive unemployment benefits.

State v. Mackey 2011 ND 203
Docket No.: 20100377
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Sexual Offense
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: When a court imposes an illegal sentence and subsequently corrects that sentence, a defendant is not entitled to withdraw his plea under N.D.R.Crim.P. 35, and a manifest injustice does not exist to allow a defendant to withdraw his plea under N.D.R.Crim.P. 11(d).

Sall v. Sall 2011 ND 202
Docket No.: 20100360
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: To warrant a remedial sanction for contempt of court, there must be a willful and inexcusable intent to violate a court order.
A "stale claim" is a claim that is barred by the statute of limitations or the defense of laches.
Laches does not arise from a delay or lapse of time alone, but is a delay in enforcing one's rights which works a disadvantage to another.

Wong v. State (cross-reference 20100171) 2011 ND 201
Docket No.: 20110088
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: To succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the petitioner must overcome the strong presumption that an attorney's representation is reasonable.
If the petitioner fails to show that his or her attorney's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the Court need not analyze whether the petitioner was prejudiced by the attorney's representation.

State v. Nickel (Consolidated w/20100411 & 20100412) 2011 ND 200
Docket No.: 20100410
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Drugs/Contraband
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: Whether an administrative agency has substantially complied with emergency rulemaking requirements is a question of fact subject to the clearly erroneous standard of review.

Holkesvig v. Moore 2011 ND 199
Docket No.: 20110007
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: A district court summary judgment dismissing an action for libel and slander and awarding attorney fees under N.D.C.C. 28-26-01(2) is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(1).

Tarnavsky, et al. v. Tarnavsky, et al. (consolidated w/20110027 &20110061) 2011 ND 198
Docket No.: 20100407
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Probate, Wills, Trusts
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Orders denying N.D.R.Civ.P. 60(b) motions summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(1).

Wisness v. Nodak Mutual Ins. Co., et al. 2011 ND 197
Docket No.: 20100401
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Insurance
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: An excess liability insurance policy is not required to cover the same risks as the underlying insurance policy and must be read on its own to determine if coverage for a claim exists.
No prohibition exists against an insurance company using an exclusion in an insurance policy to prevent an insured from arguing that there is coverage for a particular type of uncovered claim.

State v. Rosen 2011 ND 196
Docket No.: 20110071
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Drugs/Contraband
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Criminal judgment entered after conditional guilty pleas to possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver or distribute, carrying concealed dangerous weapons, and possession of drug paraphernalia is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2) and (4).

State v. Baatz 2011 ND 195
Docket No.: 20110043
Filing Date: 10/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Sexual Offense
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Conviction of gross sexual imposition summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(3).
District court's postconviction relief order allowing defendant to file untimely appeal summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2).

Sloan v. N.D. Workforce Safety & Insurance, et al. 2011 ND 194
Docket No.: 20100385
Filing Date: 9/19/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Workers Compensation
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: Administrative rules that have been properly promulgated have the force and effect of law.
An administrative regulation is void or invalid if the regulation exceeds or supersedes the agency's statutory authority or conflicts with the statute it implements.
Rules and regulations properly promulgated are entitled to deference in the courts, unless they produce an absurd result, are arbitrary and capricious, or are inconsistent with statutes covering the same subject matter.

State v. Gress 2011 ND 193
Docket No.: 20110047
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Assault
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: A decision cannot be properly reviewed on appeal if the district court does not provide an adequate explanation of the basis for its decision.

State v. Woodrow (consolidated w/20100335-20100337) 2011 ND 192
Docket No.: 20100334
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Sexual Offense
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: Statutory interpretation is a question of law, which is fully reviewable on appeal.
Words in a statute are given their plain, ordinary, and commonly understood meaning, unless they are defined by statute or unless a contrary intention plainly appears.
A person may be prosecuted in district court as an adult if the person is at least twenty years of age, committed an offense while a child, and was not adjudicated for the offense in juvenile court, unless the state intentionally delayed the prosecution to avoid juvenile court jurisdiction.

Overlie v. State 2011 ND 191
Docket No.: 20110091
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: Before the district court may summarily dismiss an application for post-conviction relief, the State's response to the application must demonstrate it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
When an application for post-conviction relief is not facially invalid, the district court must provide the applicant with notice and an opportunity to provide evidentiary support for his allegations.

Simons v. State 2011 ND 190
Docket No.: 20110012
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Administrative Proceeding
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: A parent's use of reasonable force to prevent or punish misconduct or maintain discipline may not provide the basis for a finding that a child is an abused child.
All regularly enacted statutes carry a strong presumption of constitutionality, which is conclusive unless the party challenging the statute clearly demonstrates that it contravenes the state or federal constitution.
To survive a vagueness challenge, a statute need not set out in explicit detail all possible factual scenarios that would fall within its reach; it need only give adequate and fair warning, when measured by the common understanding and practice of a "reasonable person," of the proscribed conduct.

Interest of A.L.(CONFIDENTIAL) (consolidated w/20110175-20110177) 2011 ND 189
Docket No.: 20110174
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Juvenile - Termination of Parental Rights
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: A juvenile court may terminate parental rights solely on a finding of deprivation and that a child has been in foster care for at least four hundred fifty out of the previous six hundred sixty nights.

Weeks v. Workforce Safety & Insurance 2011 ND 188
Docket No.: 20110024
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Workers Compensation
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: Absent authority and a reasoned analysis to support it, the mere assertion of a statute's unconstitutionality is insufficient to adequately raise a constitutional question.
A party pursuing a constitutional claim must make a strong case supported by both fact and law or forgo the claim.

City of Dickinson v. Hewson 2011 ND 187
Docket No.: 20110018
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - DUI/DUS/APC
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: A law enforcement officer must have a reasonable and articulable suspicion that a motorist has violated or is violating the law to justify stopping a moving vehicle for investigation.
Information from an informant whose identity is easily ascertainable has a higher indicia of reliability than information obtained from a purely anonymous informant.

State v. Vondal (Consolidated w/20100390) 2011 ND 186
Docket No.: 20100389
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Assault
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: Issues that were not raised before the district court will not be considered on appeal; however, an obvious error that affects substantial rights may be considered for the first time on appeal.
A crime is committed when all of its essential elements are present and complete.
The Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause provides criminal defendants with the right to cross-examine witnesses, but the scope of the cross-examination is in the court's discretion.

Brandvold, et al. v. Lewis and Clark Public School District 2011 ND 185
Docket No.: 20110039
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Original Proceeding - Civil - Writ of Mandamus
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: Declaratory judgment requires an actual controversy to be determined, and a declaratory judgment is unavailable if the issues have become moot.
Challenges to the result of an election based upon pre-election irregularities which are peculiar to a particular election are moot, and not appropriate for declaratory relief, once the underlying election is completed.

Benz Farm, LLP v. Cavendish Farms, Inc. 2011 ND 184
Docket No.: 20110025
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: A provision in a written contract for the sale of goods precluding oral modification or rescission of the parties' agreement is valid and enforceable.
The Unlawful Sales or Advertising Practices Act prohibits deceptive and fraudulent conduct by the seller of merchandise; it does not apply to, or create a cause of action against, a purchaser of merchandise.
When leave to amend the complaint is sought after discovery has closed and the opposing party has made a motion for summary judgment, the proposed amendment must be not only theoretically viable but also solidly grounded in the record, and the amendment is classified as futile unless its allegations are supported by substantial evidence.

Bornsen, et al. v. Pragotrade, LLC, et al. 2011 ND 183
Docket No.: 20110087
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Certified Question - Civil - Civil
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: North Dakota does not apply the "apparent manufacturer" doctrine in products liability cases.

State v. Deviley (consolidated w/20100326) 2011 ND 182
Docket No.: 20100289
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Drugs/Contraband
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: Investigative detention may continue as long as reasonably necessary to conduct duties resulting from a traffic stop and to issue a warning or citation.
The existence of reasonable suspicion is assessed by taking into account the inferences and deductions that an investigating officer would make that may elude a layperson.

Holbach v. State 2011 ND 181
Docket No.: 20110026
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Appeal from denial of application for post-conviction relief is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(6).

Nadeau v. State 2011 ND 180
Docket No.: 20110057
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Order dismissing application for post-conviction relief is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(6).

Moore v. State 2011 ND 179
Docket No.: 20110052
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Order dismissing application for post-conviction relief is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(6).

State v. Jackson 2011 ND 178
Docket No.: 20110063
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - DUI/DUS/APC
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Criminal judgment entered after a jury found the defendant guilty of driving while license suspended is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(4) and (7).

State v. Johnson 2011 ND 177
Docket No.: 20110011
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Misc. Misdemeanor
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Criminal judgment entered after a jury found the defendant guilty of disobedience of a judicial order is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(3).

Industrial Contractors, Inc. v. Workforce Safety & Insurance, et al. 2011 ND 176
Docket No.: 20110135
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Workers Compensation
Author:

Highlight: A district court judgment dismissing employer's appeal of a Workforce Safety & Insurance order is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(7).

State v. Curtiss 2011 ND 175
Docket No.: 20110062
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Sexual Offense
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Conviction of gross sexual imposition summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(4).

State v. Owens 2011 ND 174
Docket No.: 20110004
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Sexual Offense
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Criminal judgment for gross sexual imposition is affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(3).

State ex rel. I.R.S. v. Landrus 2011 ND 173
Docket No.: 20110112
Filing Date: 9/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: A district court order denying a motion to reconsider a default judgment is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(4).

Saltsman v. Sharp, et al. 2011 ND 172
Docket No.: 20100404
Filing Date: 9/7/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: A person is responsible for an injury occasioned to another by the person's want of ordinary care or skill in the management of the person's property or self.
Under premises liability law, landowners owe a duty to lawful entrants upon their land to maintain their property in a reasonably safe condition, so as not to damage others, and exercising caution and reasonable care under the circumstances.
It must be clear the defendant had control of the premises and an opportunity to observe any duty before the defendant owes a duty of care.
Separate duties to lawful entrants are no longer recognized, and separate duties of care owed to invitees or licensees are not considered.
Summary judgment is inappropriate if the district court must draw inferences and make findings on disputed facts to support summary judgment.

Leno v. K & L Homes 2011 ND 171
Docket No.: 20100347
Filing Date: 9/2/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: North Dakota law provides an implied warranty of fitness for the purpose in construction contracts, which is based in contract law.
Fault and comparative fault do not apply to a breach of implied warranty cause of action based in contract law.

Wolt v. Wolt (Cross-reference w/20090103 & 20090126) 2011 ND 170
Docket No.: 20100294
Filing Date: 8/26/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: The district court's authority to modify an award of primary residential responsibility within two years of the original decision is limited under N.D.C.C. 14-09-06.6.
The party moving for a change of primary residential responsibility has the burden to establish a prima facie case to obtain an evidentiary hearing on the motion. A prima facie case is a bare minimum and requires facts which, if proved at an evidentiary hearing, would support a change of custody that could be affirmed if appealed.
A district court retains continuing jurisdiction to address post-judgment issues about parenting time, and the limitations in N.D.C.C. 14-09-06.6 for post-judgment modifications of primary residential responsibility do not apply to parenting time modifications under N.D.C.C. 14-05-22.
Under N.D.R.Ct. 3.2, a district court must grant a party's request for oral argument, if the party has timely served and filed a brief and requests oral argument.
Section 28-26-01(2), N.D.C.C., authorizes an award of attorney's fees if a claim for relief is frivolous and there is such a complete absence of actual facts or law that a reasonable person could not have thought a court would render judgment in that person's favor.

Agnes M. Gassmann Revocable Living Trust (Consolidated w/20100276) 2011 ND 169
Docket No.: 20100275
Filing Date: 8/23/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Probate, Wills, Trusts
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: Testimony from the attorney who drafted the trust that a specific drafting error occurred and, as a result, the trust language did not conform to the settlor's true intent may, if believed by the trier of fact, constitute clear and convincing evidence sufficient to warrant reformation of the trust under N.D.C.C. 59-12-15.
When reviewing findings of fact made by the trial court under a clear and convincing evidence standard, the Supreme Court accords great deference to the trial court's determination of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony and does not reweigh the evidence or reassess the credibility of witnesses.
In construing the provisions of a trust, the general rules of construction of written documents apply and the trust must be read as a whole so as to give effect to every part.

Carlson v. Carlson, et al. (consolidated w/20100319) 2011 ND 168
Docket No.: 20100318
Filing Date: 8/22/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: Relations among the partners and between the partners and the partnership are governed by the partnership agreement, and the default provisions of N.D.C.C. 45-16-01 setting out a partner's rights and duties do not apply if the partners have otherwise provided for those matters.
The failure to make annual claims or accountings for unequal contributions and benefits is indicative the partners did not intend to equalize them.
The trial court's findings of fact must reflect the basis of its decision and must enable the appellate court to understand its reasoning.
A valid, presently enforceable debt against the transferor is an essential element of an action to set aside a fraudulent transfer under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, N.D.C.C. ch. 13-02.1.
During any transaction connected with conduct of the partnership, a partner has a fiduciary duty to act with utmost good faith and loyalty to the partnership and the other partners.

Kelly v. Kelly (Cross-reference w/20080103) 2011 ND 167
Docket No.: 20100388
Filing Date: 8/22/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: A child's home state has priority for subject matter jurisdiction in an interstate custody dispute, but the home state may decline jurisdiction.
A home state's dismissal of a custody proceeding with prejudice constitutes a declination of jurisdiction.
In a divorce proceeding, a district court may restrain a party from interfering with a business awarded in a property distribution to protect the goodwill of the business.
Attorney fees may be awarded when a party's actions have unreasonably increased time spent on a divorce proceeding.

Miller v. Mees 2011 ND 166
Docket No.: 20110020
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: At a trial, witnesses' testimony generally must be taken in open court.
Harmless errors that do not affect substantial rights may be disregarded.
An appellate court will not reweigh evidence for a decision awarding primary residential responsibility of a child to one parent.

Matter of Rubey 2011 ND 165
Docket No.: 20100292
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Civil Commitment of Sexually Dangerous Individual
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: A "sexually dangerous individual" means an individual who is shown to have engaged in sexually predatory conduct and who has a congenital or acquired condition that is manifested by a sexual disorder, a personality disorder, or other mental disorder or dysfunction that makes that individual likely to engage in further acts of sexually predatory conduct which constitute a danger to the physical or mental health or safety of others.
Substantive due process requires proof that the respondent has serious difficulty controlling his behavior.

State ex. rel. Schlect v. Wolff (Cross-reference with 20100034) 2011 ND 164
Docket No.: 20110036
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: The State has standing and is a real party in interest in child support proceedings if the State was initially a real party in interest in the action because the child received public assistance, the obligee assigned his or her right to child support to the State, the child support services case remained open after the child was no longer receiving public assistance, and the obligee has never requested the child support services case be closed.
A judgment that relieves an obligor of any current or future duty of child support and limits the power of the court to modify future child support is void and may not be enforced.

Smestad v. State 2011 ND 163
Docket No.: 20110006
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: A post-conviction claim for relief is barred by res judicata if it is a variation of a claim that has been rejected in prior proceedings.
A defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must establish that counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that the defendant was prejudiced by counsel's deficient performance.

Gaede v. State 2011 ND 162
Docket No.: 20100312
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: Arguments to a jury referencing biblical text or characters may be considered by courts to be improper.

Holkesvig v. Welte (Consolidated w/20100316 & 20100317) 2011 ND 161
Docket No.: 20100315
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: A criminal proceeding has not terminated in the plaintiff's favor for purposes of maintaining a malicious prosecution action if the plaintiff has pleaded guilty to the underlying criminal charge.

James Valley Grain v. David 2011 ND 160
Docket No.: 20110050
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: A party must challenge an arbitration within ninety days from receiving a copy of the arbitration award unless the grounds for challenging the award are based on corruption, fraud, or other undue means.
Filing a motion to confirm an arbitration award does not extend the time limit for moving to vacate an arbitration award.

Paulson v. Paulson (Cross-reference w/20090225) 2011 ND 159
Docket No.: 20100399
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Divorce - Property
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: A spousal support determination is a finding of fact, which will not be reversed on appeal unless it is clearly erroneous.
Issues not raised in the district court may not be raised for the first time on appeal.

Leverson v. Leverson 2011 ND 158
Docket No.: 20100396
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Divorce - Property
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: Under the law of the case doctrine, a court's decision on legal issues should govern the same issues in later stages of the same case.
Interpretation of a judgment is a question of law, and an unambiguous judgment may not be modified, enlarged, restricted, or diminished.
Agreements between divorcing parties are encouraged and stipulated spousal support awards should be changed only with great reluctance.

State v. Clark (consolidated w/20100373) (cross-reference 20090235) 2011 ND 157
Docket No.: 20100372
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Theft
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: When sentences for separate offenses are merged under N.D.C.C. 12.1-32-11(1), they run concurrently and remain separate terms of imprisonment.
A delay in time between when a petition to revoke probation is filed and an arrest warrant is executed generally does not violate the probationer's due process rights, unless the probationer can show he was prejudiced by the delay.

Martinson v. Martinson 2011 ND 156
Docket No.: 20100339
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: In determining whether to award attorney fees and costs in a divorce action, the court must balance one party's needs against the other's ability to pay, and fault is a consideration only to the extent one party has unreasonably escalated the fees and costs.

State v. Pederson (Consolidated w/20100365) 2011 ND 155
Docket No.: 20100364
Filing Date: 8/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Theft
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: When police have probable cause to arrest a suspect, the exclusionary rule does not bar the prosecution's use of a statement made by the defendant outside of his home, even though the statement is taken after an arrest made in the home and police unlawfully entered the home.
During an interrogation, a suspect must unambiguously invoke his right to counsel to stop the interrogation.

Brigham Oil et al. v. Lario Oil et al. (consolidated w/20110016) 2011 ND 154
Docket No.: 20100211
Filing Date: 8/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Oil, Gas and Minerals
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: Property passes upon death, not upon distribution, subject to administration of the estate.
Family settlement agreements are binding only on the parties to the agreement.
Whether intervention is sought permissively or as a matter of right, the application for intervention must be timely.
The failure to join an indispensable party or the failure to allow an indispensable party to intervene does not render a judgment void.

State v. Gefroh 2011 ND 153
Docket No.: 20100391
Filing Date: 8/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Drugs/Contraband
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: The automobile exception to the warrant requirement does not justify the warrantless search of a person.

Interest of K.B., a child (CONF.)(Consol. w/20110093-20110095) 2011 ND 152
Docket No.: 20110092
Filing Date: 8/11/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Juvenile - Termination of Parental Rights
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: "Proper parental care" means the parents' conduct in raising their children must satisfy the minimum standard of care which the community will tolerate.
The definition of a "deprived child" is broad enough to encompass a child whose parent, while never having had the opportunity to care for the child, is shown to be presently incapable of providing proper parental care for the child.
All children in a particular home environment may be found deprived, despite varying degrees of deprivation among the children. A court need not wait for the happening of tragic events to protect a child, particularly when a sibling has been found to deprived.
Abuse of one child is relevant to the care a parent will provide to other siblings.

State v. Sommer 2011 ND 151
Docket No.: 20100348
Filing Date: 8/11/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Drugs/Contraband
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: The dispositive question concerning application of the automobile exception is whether probable cause supported the search.
The recognition that vehicles are inherently mobile and that vehicles garner a lesser expectation of privacy excuses the need for a warrant.

Gustafson, et al. v. Poitra, et al. 2011 ND 150
Docket No.: 20100277
Filing Date: 8/10/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: The appellate court may consider whether the district court had subject matter jurisdiction and may consider the issue sua sponte.
A state court does not have subject matter jurisdiction where a non-Indian claimant initiates an action against Indian defendants over a lease of fee land owned by the Indian defendants within the exterior boundaries of the reservation.

Makelky v. Makelky 2011 ND 149
Docket No.: 20100406
Filing Date: 7/25/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Divorce judgment summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2).

Mertz v. City of Elgin 2011 ND 148
Docket No.: 20110054
Filing Date: 7/21/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Other
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: The decision of a local governing body must be affirmed unless it acted arbitrarily, capriciously, or unreasonably, or if there is not evidence to support its decision.
The interpretation of a zoning ordinance is governed by the rules of statutory construction.
The interpretation of a zoning ordinance by a governmental entity is a quasi-judicial act, and a reviewing court should give deference to the judgment and interpretation of the governing body rather than substitute its judgment for that of the enacting body.

State v. Starke (Consolidated w/20100327) 2011 ND 147
Docket No.: 20100062
Filing Date: 7/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Misc. Felony
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: A defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on an ordinary defense for which credible evidence has been introduced. The jury must find that the State has proved the non-existence of this defense beyond a reasonable doubt in order to convict.
Under the defense of premises statute, "trespass" is not confined merely to uninvited entrants, but include the unlawful remaining in the premises of another.
The use of force in defending one's premises must be reasonable under the circumstances.

Wahl v. Northern Improvement Company, et al. 2011 ND 146
Docket No.: 20100295
Filing Date: 7/18/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Personal Injury
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: A district court has broad discretion over the presentation of evidence and the conduct of trial.
The factors used to determine the reasonableness of attorney fees should be used as guidelines to determine whether expert witness fees are reasonable.

Glass v. Glass 2011 ND 145
Docket No.: 20100260
Filing Date: 7/15/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: A material change of circumstances can occur if a child's environment may endanger the child's physical or emotional health, or impair the child's emotional development.
Cases that are "close calls" may result in a change of primary residential responsibility when other considerations are weightier than the custodial stability factor.
A party challenging the denial of a request for continuance must show prejudice resulted from the denial.

Estate of Vestre 2011 ND 144
Docket No.: 20100400
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Probate, Wills, Trusts
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: A trial court has broad discretion to grant relief from the waiver of the right to a jury trial.
If a case goes to trial after a motion for summary judgment is denied, the question whether the trial court erred in denying summary judgment is moot; the appropriate question on appeal is whether the trial court erred in denying the movant's subsequent motion for judgment as a matter of law.
To establish undue influence, the person challenging the will must prove: 1) a testator subject to undue influence; 2) the existence of the opportunity to exercise undue influence; 3) a disposition to exercise undue influence; and 4) a result that appears to be the effect of undue influence.

State v. Gonzalez 2011 ND 143
Docket No.: 20110051
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Sexual Offense
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: Appellate review of a sentencing court's decision is confined to whether the sentencing court acted within the limits prescribed by statute or substantially relied on an impermissible factor.

Interest of D.J. (CONFIDENTIAL) 2011 ND 142
Docket No.: 20100403
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Juvenile Law
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: A juvenile court may require production of court-ordered reports or evaluations for purposes of making necessary findings on the requirements for a juvenile to register as a sexual offender.

State v. Kleppe (consolidated w/20110029) 2011 ND 141
Docket No.: 20100354
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Misc. Misdemeanor
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: The defense of depredation does not apply to the offense of unlawfully taking and possessing big game because deer is not a fur-bearer.
The offense of unlawfully taking and possessing big game is a strict liability offense because the statute defining the offense does not contain a culpability requirement. A statute establishing a strict liability offense, however, does not always preclude an affirmative defense.
A defendant may be entitled to a jury instruction on excuse and his conduct may be excused if the evidence shows the defendant believed the facts were such that his conduct was necessary and appropriate for any of the purposes that would establish a justification or excuse under N.D.C.C. ch. 12.1-05, even though his belief was mistaken. A mistaken belief of the law is rarely available as a defense and is generally precluded when the offense is a strict liability offense that contains no culpability requirement.
At a restitution hearing, the State has the burden of proving the amount of restitution by a preponderance of the evidence.

Silbernagel, et al. v. Silbernagel, et al. (Consol. w/ 20100394 & 20100395) 2011 ND 140
Docket No.: 20100393
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: When a settlement agreement is merged into a judgment, the agreement is interpreted and enforced as a final judgment and not as a separate contract between the parties.
A judgment is construed to give effect to each and every part of it and bring all different parts into harmony as far as can be done by a fair and reasonable interpretation.
Parties' objective manifestations from a settlement agreement and judgment, rather than their secret or subjective manifestations of intent, control the interpretation of the judgment.

State v. Stroh 2011 ND 139
Docket No.: 20100157
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - DUI/DUS/APC
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: The admissibility of an Intoxilyzer test result is governed by N.D.C.C. 39-20-07(5).
Fair administration of an Intoxilyzer test may be established by proof that the State Toxicologist's approved method for conducting the test has been scrupulously followed. However, "scrupulous" compliance does not mean "hypertechnical" compliance.
The admissibility of a test result for alcohol concentration is a preliminary question left to the discretion of the trial court.
Observing the person to be tested is not the only manner of "ascertaining" that the subject had nothing to eat, drink, or smoke within twenty minutes prior to the collection of the breath sample.

Vanlishout v. ND Dept. of Transportation 2011 ND 138
Docket No.: 20110017
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Administrative Proceeding
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: Actual physical control does not require that the defendant be able to instantaneously operate the vehicle. Rather, defendant must be able to manipulate the controls of the vehicle and must be under the influence of intoxicating liquor, drugs, or other substances.

State v. McElya 2011 ND 137
Docket No.: 20100349
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Theft
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: Double jeopardy is a defense that may be waived and must be raised at some point in proceedings before the district court.

Crandall v. Crandall 2011 ND 136
Docket No.: 20100402
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: The child support guidelines require a parent who does not have primary residential responsibility of a child to pay child support to the parent awarded primary residential responsibility.
Financial misconduct and dissipation of assets are grounds for an unequal property distribution.

Willits v. Job Service of ND, et al. 2011 ND 135
Docket No.: 20100375
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Administrative - Unemployment/Job Service
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: To be eligible for unemployment benefits, the employee must make reasonable efforts to preserve one's employment.
An employee who voluntarily quits before the employer has been given a reasonable chance to resolve identified problems is not entitled to unemployment benefits.

Krueger v. Krueger 2011 ND 134
Docket No.: 20100264
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: While the district court may not solely rely on a child's preferences regarding visitation, they may be a relevant consideration in the best interests of the child analysis.
In calculating a parent's child support obligation, the district court must clearly set forth how it arrived at a net income figure.

Gussiaas v. Neustel (cross-reference 20100086) 2011 ND 133
Docket No.: 20100386
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Change of primary residential responsibility is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2).

Smith v. Martinez 2011 ND 132
Docket No.: 20100309
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Child Support
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: A court must address the presumption against awarding primary residential responsibility to the perpetrator of domestic violence when there is evidence of domestic violence on the record.

State v. Aabrekke 2011 ND 131
Docket No.: 20100170
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Sexual Offense
Author: Crothers, Daniel John

Highlight: Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith, but may be admissible for other purposes such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
In considering whether evidence of prior crimes, wrongs, or bad acts is admissible, a court must apply a three-step analysis to determine: (1) the purpose for which the evidence is introduced; (2) that the evidence of the prior acts is substantially reliable or clear and convincing; and (3) in criminal cases that there is proof of the crime charged which permits the trier of fact to establish the defendant's guilt or innocence independently on the evidence presented without consideration of the evidence of the prior acts.
A court must give a cautionary instruction about the limited purpose for the use of prior bad acts evidence and must further determine whether the probative value of the evidence substantially outweighs any possible prejudicial effect of the evidence.

State v. Ennen 2011 ND 130
Docket No.: 20110003
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Sexual Offense
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Criminal judgment for surreptitious intrusion is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(3) and (7).

Interest of A.S. (CONFIDENTIAL) (CONSOL. W/ 20110117 - 20110120) 2011 ND 129
Docket No.: 20110116
Filing Date: 7/13/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Juvenile - Termination of Parental Rights
Author:

Highlight: Juvenile court judgment terminating parental rights is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(2).

Nemec v. Disciplinary Board 2011 ND 128
Docket No.: 20110136
Filing Date: 7/11/2011
Case Type: Discipline - Attorney - Original Proceeding
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Lawyer reinstatement ordered.

State v. Blunt (Cross-reference w/20070247 & 20090110) 2011 ND 127
Docket No.: 20100308
Filing Date: 6/28/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Misc. Felony
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: The district court has discretion in applying a remedy when a violation of the discovery rules has been shown, and the court's decision will not be reversed on appeal unless the court abuses its discretion.
The court's decision on a discovery violation is reversible error only if the defendant has been denied a substantial right, and a substantial right has not been denied if the defendant is not significantly prejudiced.

Murchison v. State (Cross-reference 20030328) 2011 ND 126
Docket No.: 20100281
Filing Date: 6/27/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Post-Conviction Relief
Author: Kapsner, Carol

Highlight: A court may deny an application for post-conviction relief if the same or similar issues supporting the application were considered on a direct appeal from a criminal judgment and are barred by res judicata.
A defendant bears a heavy burden in proving he received ineffective assistance of counsel, and he may be denied relief where he failed to prove any prejudice resulted.

Day v. Haskell, et al. 2011 ND 125
Docket No.: 20110096
Filing Date: 6/24/2011
Case Type: Original Proceeding - Criminal - Writ of Supervision
Author: Maring, Mary

Highlight: When a criminal proceeding terminates after jeopardy attaches but before a verdict, double jeopardy does not prohibit the retrial of the accused if there was a manifest necessity for granting the mistrial.
There is no mechanical formula for deciding whether the termination of a criminal trial was supported by a manifest necessity, but the court should consider whether counsel were afforded an opportunity to be heard on the issue, whether alternatives to a mistrial were explored, and whether the court's decision was made after sufficient reflection.

Kaspari v. N.D. Dep't. of Human Services 2011 ND 124
Docket No.: 20100379
Filing Date: 6/24/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Administrative Proceeding
Author: VandeWalle, Gerald

Highlight: Administrative regulations are derivatives of statutes and are construed under rules for statutory construction.
A Medicaid applicant's recipient liability is the amount of monthly net income remaining after all appropriate deductions, disregards, and Medicaid income levels specified in the applicable Medicaid regulations have been allowed, and an applicant is not entitled to deductions for mortgage interest and real estate taxes paid for the applicant's interest in a life estate.

State v. Seewalker 2011 ND 123
Docket No.: 20100201
Filing Date: 6/24/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Criminal - Theft
Author: Per Curiam

Highlight: Order denying motion to withdraw guilty pleas is summarily affirmed under N.D.R.App.P. 35.1(a)(4).

Zink, et al. v. Enzminger Steel LLC 2011 ND 122
Docket No.: 20100359
Filing Date: 6/21/2011
Case Type: Appeal - Civil - Contracts
Author: Sandstrom, Dale

Highlight: In the cautious exercise of its discretion, a district court may unilaterally dismiss a complaint for failure to state a valid claim. The court must, however, give the parties notice of its intentions and allow for an opportunity to respond.
If a motion to dismiss demands proof outside of the pleadings, the motion is treated as one for summary judgment.